• Understand representations of the earth such as maps, globes and photographs.
• Understand representations of locales and regions on maps and globes.

• Understand human and physical characteristics of places. (Ex. rural, urban, forest, desert, etc.).
• Understand the concept of regions according to physical and human criteria.
• Understand the concept of culture.
• Understand the concepts of urban and suburban.
• Understand that different people living in the same region maintain different ways of life.

• Understand why people choose to settle in different places.
• Understand the role that resources play in human's daily lives.
• Understand modes of transportation used to move products, people and ideas.

• Understand ways in which people depend on the physical environment.
• Understand humans impact the environment in positive and negative ways.
• Understand the environment impacts humans in positive and negative ways.
• Understand areas of a community have changed over time.

• Understand political, topographical and historical maps, aerial photos and maps.
• Understand the use of mental maps to organize information about people, places, and environments in a spatial context.
• Understand the concepts of title, legend, cardinal directions, distance, grids.
• Understand the use of data sources, atlases, data bases, grid systems, charts, graphs, and maps to generate, manipulate, and interpret information.
• Understand the spatial elements of point, line, area and volume.
• Understand the representations of major physical and human features on maps and globes.

• Understand the characteristics of regions--physical and cultural.
• Understand regions change over time and the causes and consequences of these changes.
• Understand ways regional, ethnic, and national cultures influence individuals' daily lives.
• Understand how people from different cultures think about and deal with their physical environment and social conditions.
• Understand language, stories, folktales, music and artistic creations serve as expressions of culture and influence behavior of people.

• Understand causes and effects of human migration.
• Understand reasons for the growth and decline of settlements.
• Understand density and sparcity in terms of human settlement.
• Understand the relationship between population growth and resource use.
• Understand the concepts of renewable and non-renewable resources.
• Understand recycling.
• Understand the relation between economic activities and natural resources in areas.

• Understand the characteristics of places are shaped by physical and human processes.
• Understand humans interact and adapt to the physical environment.
• Understand ways to monitor science and technology in order to protect the physical environment, individual rights and the common good.
• Understand laws and policies that govern the environment.

• Understand the characteristics and purposes of geographic tools and representations of the earth such as maps, globes, graphs, charts, models, grid systems, aerial and other photographs, GIS, satellite-produced images and databases.
• Understand mental maps of locales, regions and the world.
• Understand geographic relationships such as population density and spatial distribution patterns.

• Understand human and physical characteristics of place.
• Understand the concept of region.
• Understand the physical environment affects life in different regions.
• Understand communities reflect the cultural backgrounds of their inhabitants.
• Understand patterns of cultural diffusion.

• Understand physical and cultural patterns and their interactions, such as land use, settlement patterns, cultural transmission of customs and ideas, and ecosystem changes.
• Understand world patterns of resource distribution and utilization.
• Understand the role of technology in resource acquisition and use, and its impact on the environment.
• Understand the development and widespread use of alternative energy sources have an impact on societies.
• Understand physical and human geographic factors have influenced major historic events and movements.

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• Understand human systems develop in response to conditions in the physical environment.
• Understand major processes that shape patterns in the physical environment.
• Understand the environmental consequences of both the unintended and intended outcomes of major technological changes in human history.
• Understand technology influences the human capacity to modify the physical environment.
• Understand the environmental consequences of people changing the physical environment.
• Understand ecosystems in terms of their characteristics and ability to withstand stress caused by physical events.

• Understand the characteristics and uses of geographic technologies.
• Understand geographic representations and tools used to analyze, explain and solve geographic problems.
• Understand the use of mental maps of physical and human features of the world to answer complex geographic questions.
• Understand perspective and point of view in interpreting data on maps.
• Understand the value of using maps from different sources and points of view.

• Understand culture as an integrated whole that explains the function and interactions of language, literature, the arts, traditions, beliefs and values and behavior patterns.
• Understand regional boundaries change.
• Understand places and regions are important to individual human identity and as symbols for unifying or fragmenting society.
• Understand external forces can conflict economically and politically with internal interests in a region.

• Understand population issues.
• Understand international migrations are shaped by push and pull factors.
• Understand the impact of human migration on physical and human systems.
• Understand the impact of policy decisions regarding the use of resources in different regions of the world.
• Understand issues related to the reuse and recycling of resources.
• Understand the physical and human factors that have led to famines and large-scale refugee movements.
• Understand competition for and conflict over natural resources.

• Understand relationships between soil, climate, plant and animal life affect the distributions of ecosystems.
• Understand the importance of ecosystems in understanding the environment.
• Understand physical processes affect different regions of the United States and the world.
• Understand social, cultural and economic processes shape the features of places.
• Understand the effects of human and physical changes in ecosystems both locally and globally.

• Understand competition for control of the Earth's surface can have a positive or negative effect on the planet and its inhabitants.
• Understand the global impact of human changes in the physical environment.
• Understand programs and positions related to the use of resources on a local to global scale.

• Understand technology and human mobility have changed various cultural landscapes.
• Understand the processes of spatial change have affected history.
• Understand the role culture plays in incidences of cooperation and conflict in the present day world.
• Understand the causes of boundary conflicts and internal disputes between culture groups.
• Understand diverse cultural responses to persistent human issues.

• Understand the impact of changing global patterns of trade and commerce on the local community and predict the future impact of these patterns.
• Understand cultures influence the characteristics of regions.
• Understand people create places that reflect culture, human needs, government policy, and current values and ideals as they design and build places.